Active and Passive Voice

1. Active Voice

Active voice is used when the subject does an action to the object.

- Characteristics of active voice

• The subject of sentence in active form is at the starting of the sentence.
• Subject is followed by the form of ‘to be’, verb and object.
• We can say that verb is in the Active Voice.
• An active voice tells clearly about the action who has done it.

- The pattern is :

• Subject+ Verb+ Object

2. Passive Voice

Passive voice is used in which the form of verb shows that an action is done to the subject.

- Characteristics of passive voice

• When we change the sentence from active to passive voice, the object becomes the subject.
• We can use sentences with only transitive verbs in passive voice that is we can change the sentences having object into this voice.
• This form may or may not tell clearly about the action who has done it.
• To make clear the action who has done it we should add ‘by’

- The pattern is: 

• Subject+ form of ‘to be’ + past participle of verb+ by + object

Transitive and Intransitive verb???

The active voice is the "default" voice in English. All intransitive verbs can only be in the active voice, and all transitive verbs usually are active voice - unless we deliberately make them passive.

- Transitive verb: are action verbs that have an object to receive that action.

Example: - Kayla cut the cake

                  - He gave me a flower

- Intransitive verb: are action verbs but unlike transitive verbs, they do not have an object receiving the action. 

Example: - She slept peacefully

                   - The baby smiled

The pattern and examples of active and passive voice

1. Simple present tense (S+V1) / (S+am/is/are+V3)

Active: Sophia read a novel everyday

Passive: A novel is read by Sophia

Active: We eat rice everyday

Passive: Rice is eaten everyday

Active: She helps me

Passive: I am helped by her

2. Simple past tense (S+V2) / (S+was/were+V3)

Active: He built a large house

Passive: A large house was built by him

Active: I swept the floor yesterday

Passive: The floor was swept by me

Active: Harry took my picture

Passive:  My picture was taken by Harry

3.  Present continuous tense (S+am/is/are+V-ing) / (S+am/is/are+being+V3)

Active: Father is drinking a cup of tea

Passive: A cup of tea is being drunk by father

Active: They are decorating my room

Passive: My room is being decorated by them

Active: The lecture is giving many assignments

Passive: Many assignments are being given by the lecture

4. Past continuous tense (S+was/were+V-ing) / (S+was/were+being+V3)

Active: She was cooking dinner

Passive: Dinner was being cooked by her

Active: He was advising the children when you out

Passive: The children were being advised when you went out

Active: They were interrogating him when I called

Passive: He was being interrogated when I called.

5. Present perfect tense (S+have/has+V3) / (S+have/has+been+V3)

Active: I have placed an order for a new phone

Passive: An order for a new phone has been placed by me

Active: I have known him for a long time

Passive: He has been known to me for a long time

Active: The cat has drunk the milk

Passive: The milk has been drunk by the cat

6. Past perfect tense (S+had+V3) / (S+had+been+V3)

Active: I had been reading an article

Passive: An article had been read by me

Active: He had not noticed me

Passive: I had  not been noticed by him

Active: They had started a fight

Passive: A fight had been started by them

7.  Modal Auxiliary (S+may/can/must+V1) / (S+may/can/must+be+V3)

Active: She can play a guitar

Passive: A guitar can be played by her

Active: I must learn this book

Passive: This book must be learnt by me

Active: Our lecture may give an exam today

Passive: An exam may be given by our lecture today

Sources:

http://www.plainlanguage.gov/howto/quickreference/dash/dashactive.cfm

http://thebestuknow.com/english-grammar/active-passive-voice/

http://www.k12reader.com/term/transitive-and-intransitive-verbs/

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/passive-voice.htm

https://www.tes.com/lessons/R6tgRh9XQl0fqg/all-tenses-passive-voice

The Easy Way to Have a Foreign Friends

I have one a recommend application that you can download on your smart phone. That is COOKIE. Cookie is an application based from 9GAG that you can find or meet new people all over the world. There is a lot of forum that you can join. You can choose if you are interested with the forum. For example there is an Indonesia forum, Random forum, Girl/Guy Selfie forum, Food&Drink forum, Sport forum, Style forum, and many more you will find on the application.

If you want  to join Cookie, firstly you have to sign up on 9GAG account and then you sign in on Cookie. If you already have an account, you can choose the forum based on you interested in. Then you can post anything based on the forum you already joined. You can comment or maybe have a private chat with another users from Cookie if their post are unique or maybe interesting. And also you can hive him /her cookie it means that you really like their post. The cookie means heart because you like their post. So that you can continuing talk privately with him/her if you are interested.

Interview Questions

List of questions that we can ask in an interview :

1. Can you tell me a little about yourself?
2. How did you hear about the position?
3. What do you know about the company?
4. Why should we hire you?
5. What are your greatest professional strengths?
6. Why do you want this job?
7. Tell me about a challenge or conflict you've faced the work, and how you deal with it?
8. What do you consider to be your weakness?
9. What is your greatest professional achievement?
10. What is your dream job?
11. Where do you see yourself in five years?
12. What other companies are you interviewing with?
13. Why are you leaving your current job?
14. Why were you fired?
15. What are you looking for in a new position?
16. What type of work environment do you prefer?
17. What is your management style?
18. What is a time you exercised leadership?
19. How would your boss and co-workers describe you?
20. How do you deal with pressure or stressful situations?

List of illegal questions

1. When are you planning to have children?

• Why is it illegal:

Sex is a federally protected class, which means an employer cannot discriminate against a male or female job applicant. If the interviewer has a certain concern about the interviewee's ability to do their job such as travel or work time, the question should be directly about job-related responsibilities.

• How to answer:

"Having a child is not my priority right now, and I can asure you to not have any worries, for that won't affect any of my work performances"


2. Do you have any physical or mental disabillites?

• Why is it illegal:

It is unlawful for an employer to discriminate against a qualified interviewee or employers with a disability as stated by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). it is considered to be illegal when the question is asked before making a job offer and to only a particular interviewee with an obvious disability.

• How to answer:

"Thankfully I don't have any, and I believe that it will not be a concern in the future"


3. What is your religion affiliation?

• Why is it illegal:

Monster Worldwide Inc stated that religious discrimination is prohibited, so employers are barred from basing hiring decisions on a person's religious beliefs, observance, or practices.

• How to answer: 

 "I believe that my beliefs won't matter to the job that I'm applying"


4. How old are you?

• Why is it illegal:

A company always has the legal right to make sure you're old enough to work for them, but other than that, they aren't supposed to ask your age (especially if you're older than 40). This question might seems harmless, but it is designed to figure out your age. in the same vein, they can't ask when you plan to retire. it's just another way of determining how many years they might get out of you (as stated in lifehacker)

• How to answer: 

"I believe that my age won't be an issue for my job performance"


5.  Have you ever used drugs in the past?

• Why is it illegal:

As stated by lifehacker, the word "drugs" can mean anything from illegal narcotics to prescription drugs, so it's not clear to begin with. Moreover, It is explained by ADA Policy Director Chris Kuczynski that an employer can't ask about your past use unless it was perhaps tied into a crime you were convicted of (forcing you to mention it). And even then, it's a random subject to bring up without a good reason.

• How to answer:

"I'm free from illegal narcotics and I won't  use any of it that will disrupt my work here" 

Curriculum Vitae

Here are the creative writing of curriculum vitae from the application letter before...

Application Letter

Jakarta, May 14, 2017

Attention :

Personel Manager of PT. Infracom Telesarana

Plaza Kelapa Dua 6th Floors

Jl. Panjang Arteri Kelapa Dua No. 29,

Kebon Jeruk, Jakarta Barat 11550

Dear Sir/Madam,

Refer to your requirement advertised in jobstreet.com 2017, I am interested to join and to contribute with your respected company.

I am twenty years of age, single, and in a good condition. I was undergraduate from Gunadarma University in Depok 2017 majoring English Literature. My scholastic record is satisfactory and also have good communication skills. I am able to use English both oral and written, computer literate, able to use MS Office package such as MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, MS Outlook, and Internet, also familiar with English Correspondences and Administration Duties.

I am willing to learn and work very well in individual or with a team and anxious to put my knowledge into practical. Enclosed is my resume and latest photograph for your review and considerations.

I hope you will grant me an interview and the opportunity to give you more details about myself.

Yours faithfully,

Nanda Jessica

Task 6 - Negotiation

1. What is negotiation ?

Negotiation is a discussion between two or more parties or company who are trying to find out the acceptable solution to their problem or conflict. Negotiations typically take place because the parties wish to create something new that neither could do on his or her own, or to resolve a problem or dispute between them. When parties negotiate, they usually expect give and take. While they have interlocking goals that they cannot accomplish independently, they usually do not want or need exactly the same thing. This interdependence can be either win-lose or win-win in nature. It is not always important to win or be right because sometimes relationships are more important than the argument and a negotiation can save a relationship.

2. What are the negotiation styles?

There are the styles of negotiation based on changingminds.org

http://changingminds.org/disciplines/negotiation/styles/styles.htm

a. Belief-based styles There is a common spectrum of negotiation that ranges from collaborative to competitive. The approach taken is generally based on beliefs about people and how selfish or generous they are. The Spectrum of Negotiation Styles: From concession to competition. Collaborative Negotiation: Negotiating for win-win. Competitive Negotiation: Negotiating for win-lose. Balanced Negotiation: Walking between collaborative and competitive negotiation. b. Professional styles Professional styles are those use by people who have a significant element of negotiation in their roles. Here is a selection of different contexts in which such negotiation takes place. Industrial relations: Confrontational bargaining. Managing Board: Together and competing. International: Diplomatic dancing. Political: Scheming horse-trading. Selling and Buying: Professional sellers and buyers. Hostage: Emotional big-stakes exchanges. c. Contextual styles Negotiation often happens within non-professional contexts, where the people either do not know that they are negotiating or they are not skilled at it. Domestic: Discussions and arguments at home. Everyday: Everybody, every day, negotiates. Hierarchical: Parent-child, boss-subordinate, etc. Remote Negotiation: Negotiating at a distance.

3. Explain the negotiation process!

Negotiation Process has five stages. In all steps of a negotiation process, the involved parties bargain at a systematic way to decide how to allocate scarce resources and maintain each other’s interest.

a. Preparation and Planning

Before the start of negations, one must be aware of the conflict, the history leading to the negotiation the people involved and their perception of the conflict expectations from the negotiations etc.

b. Definition of Ground Rules

Once the planning and strategy are developed, one has to begin defining the ground rules and procedures with the other party over the negotiation itself that will do the negotiation. Where will it take place? What time constraints, if any will apply? To what issues will negotiations be limited? Will there be a specific procedure to follow in an impasse is reached? During this phase, the parties will also exchange their initial proposals or demand.

c. Clarification and Justification

When initial positions have been exchanged both the parties will explain amplify, clarify, bolster and justify their original demands. This need not be confrontational. Rather it is an opportunity for educating and informing each other on the issues why they are important and how each arrived at their initial demands. This is the point where one party might want to provide the other party with any documentation that helps support its position

d. Bargaining and Problem Solving

The essence of the negotiation process is the actual give and take in trying to hash out an agreement, a proper bargain. It is here where concessions will undoubtedly need to be made by both parties.

e. Closure and Implementation

The final step in the negotiation process is formalization the agreement that has been worked out and developing and procedures that are necessary for implementation and monitoring. For major negotiations – this will require hammering out the specifics in a formal contract.

4. What are the characteristics of negotiation?

a. Involving people either as individual, representative organization or company, or in the group

b. Having the threat of the occurrence or in it containing conflicts that have occurred that started from the beginning until it does a deal in the end of negotiation

c. Used some ways to exchange something discussed in the form of bargain or barter

d. Almost and always in face to face meet up with used language in spoken, gestures, and facial expressions

e. Negotiations usually concerning something in which in the future that not happened and that we want to happen

f. The end of negotiations is an agreement taken by both sides or parties although the deal, for example, both sides agreed to not agreed each other.

5. The positive and negative affect in negotiation ?

a. Positive affect : 

- We can socializing and have a good relationship with our partner in companies or parties

- We have a  lot of knowledge and we can exchange our experience with our partner

- Trained our patience

- People in a positive mood have more confidence and higher tendencies to plan to use a cooperative strategy

b. Negative affect :

- One of the parties sometimes disadvantaged

- Causing dispute and argument that makes people angry

- Angry negotiators plan to use more competitive strategies and to cooperate less, even before the negotiation starts

- Negative emotions lead to acceptance of settlements that are not in the positive utility function but rather have a negative utility

Business Communication - Task 5

I. How technology affects communication positively and negatively?

In the globalization era right now, technology is something important for all people who live in this world. The use of technology can be a great help to people in communicating, reducing the time it takes.  However, technology has also changed communication in many ways. Technology can affects communication in positively and negatively. The affects are below :

Technology affects communication positively :

For example the positively affects is like internet and social media. People right now mostly connecting with the internet and they have their own account for social media. With the internet people can connect with another and also social media help us more easier  to get the information and communication with others. Some applications social media like whatsapp, line, facebook, instagram and many more we can update or get the new information and its more easier to communicate because people right now is already modern and now to use the social media beside they have their private mobile number for telephone. 

Technology communication its also important In the business area. Communication through email, text messaging, instant messaging and even budding tools like social networking have been among the most profound effects of technology on every area of business. Whether you need to speak with an employee who is traveling in another state or country or you need to communicate with your supplier half way around the world, technology allows you to do so instantaneously.  The ability to release information to many different people at once, without calling a meeting or requiring printing of the materials.

So that technology communication affects positively in the nowadays or in the business area. Technology help us easily to communicate with another. And right now people have to thanks with technology because I believe people can't live without technology for make our live easily and also easily to communicate with others.

Technology affects communication negatively :

 The Internet makes it possible for people to communicate easily with associates in other societies. Consider the socializing people nowadays, life has changed a lot. There are no social meetings and get together. People are more bothered about their online life rather than in the real social life. People have literally become addicted to the Internet and cell phones, and this addiction has led to many anxiety disorders. People addicted to the Internet feel lonely and isolated. Technology can be a distraction for us. In the business area, technology communication also have  negative affects. Installing monitoring software in the workplace sends the message to employees that the company does not trust them. Giving employees responsibility, trust and respect boosts their morale and productivity. Showing them that they are not trusted and must be recorded decreases morale and worker productivity. And technology has also added an increased possibility of crime. A tech-savvy employee can embezzle funds and make it difficult for the company to trace; hackers could access personal or financial data of customers; or creators of viruses and malware can capture valuable information that could render a company helpless.

II. Why listening is such a big challenge for most people?

A good communication is starts with listening. Listening is a skill of critical significance in all aspects of our lives from maintaining our personal relationships, to getting our jobs done, or to taking notes in class as we are a college students. And why listening is such a big challenge for most people? Its because when we're listen our partner tells something to us, we have to listen it clearly and we have to understood what are they talking about. And if they need our comment or suggest, we can give it to them. But mostly people is just want to heard only and don't want to listen, as it wants to understood but don't want to understand others. We have to understand what people talk to us its because same like we are respect what they talk to us and they believe us to hear it.